These are high-frequency words encountered early in the reading process that often do not follow standard phonetic rules. Examples include “said,” “the,” and “of.” Mastery of these words allows young learners to decode text more fluently and build reading confidence.
Early acquisition of this foundational vocabulary improves reading comprehension by reducing the cognitive load required to decode individual words. This allows students to focus on meaning and develop a love for reading. Historically, early reading instruction emphasized phonics; however, the recognition of these non-phonetic but common words has become integral to modern, balanced literacy approaches.